DOCUMENTOS

(¿Cómo presentarte y cómo presentar a alguien en inglés?)
¿Cómo se dice…?
• Mi presentación personal (My personal introduction)
• Nombre (name)
Yo me llamo… à My name is…
Yo me llamo Eduardo à My name is Eduardo
Yo me llamo Carmen à My name is Carmen
Yo soy Peter à I am Peter
El= He Ella= She Su (de el)= his Su (de ella)= her
El se llama Javier/ Su nombre es Javier à His name is Javier
El es Javier à He is Javier
Ella se llama Carolina / Su nombre es Carolina à Her name is Carolina
Ella es Carolina à She is Carolina
• Edad (age)
¿Cuántos años tienes? à How old are you?
Tengo 35 años à I am 35 years old
¿Cuántos años tiene el? à How old is he?
El tiene 22 años à He is 22 years old
¿Cuántos años tiene ella? à How old is she?
Ella tiene 50 años à She is 50 years old
Mi papa tiene 60 años à My father is 60 years old
Mi novio tiene 16 años à My boyfriend is 16 years old
• Lugar de nacimiento (place of birth)
¿Dónde naciste? à Where were you born?
(Yo) nací en Colombia/ en Perú/ en Cali à I was born in Perú/ I was born in
Colombia/ I was born in Cali/ I was born in Bogotá
(Yo) soy de Colombia à I am from Colombia
(Yo) soy colombiano à I am Colombian
Competencia básica inglés – Centro de Servicios de Salud
(Yo) soy inglés/alemán/francés/venezolano à I am English/ I am German/ I am
French/ I am Venezuelan
¿Dónde nació el? à Where was he born?
(El) nació en Colombia He was born in Colombia
¿Dónde nació ella? à Where was she born?
(Ella) nació en Estados Unidos à She was born in the United States
El es chino/portugués/polaco à He is Chinese/ Portuguese/ Polish
Ella es peruana/mexicana/australiana à She is Peruvian/ Mexican/ Australian
• Fecha de nacimiento (date of birth)
¿Cuándo naciste? à When were you born?
(Yo) Nací en 1980 à I was born in 1980
(Yo) Nací en abril de 1975 à I was born in April 1975
(Yo) Nací el 20 de agosto de 1980 à I was born the 20th August 1980
¿Cuándo nació el? à When was he born?
(El) nació en 1950 à He was born in 1950
¿Cuándo nació ella? à When was she born?
(Ella) nació el primero de enero del 2000 à She was born the 1st January 2000/
She was born the first January 2000
Mi hermana nació en mayo de 1979 à My sister was born in May 1979
Mi hermano nació el 2 de marzo de 1979 à My brother was born the 2nd March
1979 / My brother was born the second March 1979
• Profesión (occupation)
Soy estudiante à I am a student /
Soy ingeniero/profesor/ama de casa/actor à I am an engineer/ I am a teacher/ I
am a housewife/ I am an actor.
El/Ella es estudiante à He/She is a student
El/Ella es enfermero/enfermera à He/She is a nurse
Mi primo es odontólogo/médico à My cousin is a dentist/ a doctor
Tu hijo es ortodoncista à Your son is an* orthodontist
*Recuerda que an se utiliza cuando la palabra que le sigue comienza con vocal o h muda.
Competencia básica inglés – Centro de Servicios de Salud
• Lugar de trabajo (workplace)
(Yo) trabajo en el SENA/en la Universidad de Madrid/en un restaurante à I work
at SENA/at the University of Madrid/at a restaurant
El trabaja en un centro de salud/ en un supermercado à He works at a health
center/ at a supermarket
(Yo) soy enfermera / (Yo) trabajo como enfermera en el Hospital General à I
work as a nurse at the General Hospital
Ella trabaja como recepcionista / Ella es recepcionista en una clínica à She
works as a receptionist at a Private Clinic
(Yo) estudio en la Universidad de Antioquia/en el instituto de Bellas Artes à I
study at the University of Antioquia/at the Institute of Fine Arts
Mi hermana estudia en el Colegio La Salle/ en la UPB à My sister studies at La
Salle School/at UPB
• Aficiones y gustos (hobbies)
¿Qué te gusta hacer? à What do you like to do?
¿Cuáles son tus hobbies? à What are your hobbies?
Mi hobby es bailar à My hobby is dancing
Mis hobbies son leer y viajar à My hobbies are Reading and traveling
Su hobby es montar en bicicleta à His/Her hobby is riding bike
Sus hobbies son ver televisión y jugar con los niños à His/Her hobbies are
watching TV and playing with the children
Me gusta à I like No me gusta à I don’t like / I do not like
(A él) Le gusta à He likes (A ella) Le gusta à She likes
(A él) no le gusta à He doesn’t like/ He does not like
(A ella) no le gusta à She doesn’t like/ She does not like
Competencia básica inglés – Centro de Servicios de Salud
Cuando queremos decir que nos gusta una actividad, lo podemos decir de dos
formas:
1. Utilizando el verbo en gerundio (ing): I like listening to music / I like going to
the movies
He likes dancing/ She likes teaching/ The woman likes wearing black clothes
2. Utilizando el infinitivo del verbo (to…):
I like to listen to music / I like to go to the movies
He likes to dance/ She likes to teach/ The woman likes to wear black clothes
• Preferencias (preferences)
Mi color preferido/ Mi animal preferido/ Mi plato preferido à My favorite color /
My favorite animal /My favorite dish
Mi color preferido es el verde/ el azul à My favorite color is green/ blue
Mis colores preferidos son el negro y el rojo à My favorite colors are black and
red
Mi animal preferido es el caballo/ el perro à My favorite animal is the horse/
the dog
Mis animales preferidos son el gato y el conejo à My favorite animals are the cat
and the rabbit
Mi plato preferido es la hamburguesa / la bandeja paisa à My favorite dish is the
hamburger/ the traditional paisa dish o the traditional Antioquenian dish
Su color preferido es el ámbar à His/Her favorite color is amber
Sus colores preferidos son el café y el morado à His/Her favorite colors are
Brown and purple
Su animal preferido es el lobo à His/Her favorite animal is the wolf
Su comida preferida es la comida china à His/Her favorite food is Chinese food
Competencia básica inglés – Centro de Servicios de Salud
• Para hablar de gustos, preferencias, aficiones se emplean los siguientes verbos:
to like: gustar
Me gusta bailar/ Me gusta acampar/me gusta el chocolate à I like to dance o I
like dancing/ I like camping/ I like chocolate
(A él) le gusta nadar à He likes swimming
(A ella) le gusta la comida picante à /She likes spicy food
don’t= do not à I don’t like cars – I do not like cars
doesn’t= does not à He doesn’t like dogs – He does not like dogs
No me gusta la ensalada/ No me gustan los carros à I don’t like salad/ I don’t
like cars
No me gusta estudiar/ No me gusta comer afuera à I don’t (do not) like
studying/ I don’t (do not) like eating out
(A él) no le gusta dormir à He doesn’t like sleeping
(A ella) no le gusta la comida italiana à / She doesn’t like Italian food
to love: amar
(Yo) amo a los animales/a las personas/el cine/ la literatura à I love animals/ I
love people/ I love cinema/ literature
Mi novio ama a los animales/ el arte à My boyfriend loves animals/ My boyfriend
loves art
También puede significar “me encanta”:
Me encanta salir con mis amigos/me encantan las frutas/ me encanta nadar à I
love going out with my friends/ I love fruits/ I love swimming
A ella le encanta ir de compras à She loves going shopping.
A él le encantan los gatos à He loves cats.
Competencia básica inglés – Centro de Servicios de Salud
to want: querer
Mis estudiantes quieren aprender inglés/yo quiero ir a bailar/yo quiero ir a
Mexico à My students want to learn English/I want to go dancing /I want to go
to Mexico
El quiere vivir en Brasil à He wants to live in Brazil
Ella quiere una bicicleta de cumpleaños à She wants a bike (bicycle) for
birthday
to hate: odiar
(Yo) odio las mentiras/odio madrugar/odio ir de compras/odio hacer las tareas à
I hate lies/I hate getting up early/I hate going shopping/I hate doing the
homework*
*Homeworks es incorrecto; en ingles se dice en singular: homework
Mi madre odia las arañas/ odia cocinar à My mother hates spiders/ My mother
hates cooking
Mi perro odia a los gatos/ odia caminar sobre el pavimento à My dog hates cats/
My dog hates walking on the pavement
to prefer: preferir
(Yo) prefiero estar contigo/ (Yo) prefiero las películas clásicasà I prefer to be
with you/ I prefer classic movies
(Yo) prefiero el whiskey al vodka à I prefer whiskey over vodka
(Yo) prefiero montar en bicicleta que trotar à I prefer bikeriding over skating
Ella prefiere el teatro al cine à She prefers teather over cinema
El prefiere jugar tenis que jugar baloncesto à He prefers playing tennis over
playing basket-ball
Competencia básica inglés – Centro de Servicios de Salud
Errores comunes que debes evitar cometer:
• Escribir el pronombre I (yo) con minúscula: es incorrecto escribir i (I am Andrés, i
live in Cali, and i like music…). La forma correcta sería I am Andrés, I live in
Cali, I like music…
• Utilizar el verbo to have para decir la edad: es incorrecto decir I have 18 years
old; my mother has 40 years old. La forma correcta es con el verbo to be, así: I
am 18 years old; my mother is 40 years old.
Nota: En inglés no se pregunta ¿cuántos años tienes? sino "¿cuán viejo eres?". Y la
respuesta es como si dijeras "Yo soy veinticinco años viejo”. Por eso, decir “I
have 25 years old o I have 25 years” es incorrecto. La forma correcta de expresar
la edad es : I am 25 years old/ I am twenty-five years old; my boyfriend is 30
years old; my parents are 58 years old.
• Decir Presentation es incorrecto si te refieres a una presentación personal. Se
dice PERSONAL INTRODUCTION. Una presentation es una exposición de un
tema ante un público. Ej: How was your biology presentation at school? ¿Cómo te
fue en tu presentación de biología en el colegio?
• Omitir el pronombre I (yo). En español decimos: “Me gusta cantar; soy
estudiante; quiero comer pollo!” En inglés siempre utilizamos el pronombre I: “I
am a teacher; I like music; I want to play piano”. Y no lo olviden: el pronombre I
siempre va en mayúscula; es el único que siempre va en mayúscula.
• Utilizar la preposición in para hablar del lugar de trabajo o estudio. Se debe
utilizar la preposición at cuando nos referimos al lugar donde trabajamos o
estudiamos: I work at Zenú/ I work a at a big Enterprise/ I study at the
University of Medellín/ She studies at a private School/ He works at my family’s
restaurant.
• Escribir meses, días, idiomas y nacionalidades con minúscula inicial.
Los idiomas y nacionalidades siempre empiezan con mayúscula en inglés: I am
Colombian/ I speak Spanish/ you are studying English. También los días de la
semana y los meses deben ir así: Today is Friday/ My birthday is in June.
• Omitir to luego del verbo listen.
Es un error común decir: I listen music. El verbo escuchar (listen) siempre va
seguido de la partícula “to”: I like to listen to music/ Please, listen to me/ He
is listening to his mother/ My grandmother likes listening to the radio.
• No conjugar los verbos cuando se habla en tercera persona singular (he/she/it).
Recuerda que, al conjugar los verbos en tercera persona, la terminación cambia
de diferentes formas: I eat – He eats (se agrega s al final); I go – She goes (se
agrega es al final); I study – She studies (se cambia la y por ies); I play – He plays
(en otros casos se agrega s). Ver documento de estudio Presente Simple.

The structure for a sentence is similar to Spanish He has + (adjetivo) + (sustantivo) He is + adjetivo. Ex: They have round faces We are intelligent. Sentence: My friend is really tall.  He needs to work out every day. Question: How tall is Pauline?   She’s 1.60 meters tall. She is medium height. Weight: thin, slim, fat, overweight, medium weight Hair:  short, long, wavy, straight, curly… Skin color:  White /fair, dark / black, olive skin… Examples: Helen has dark skin and curly black hair. Elizabeth has white skin and long straight hair. Peter has a long beard. Albert has a mustache. Louis has dark skin. My brother has a long beard. He has black hair. She has wavy hair. The girl has a green ribbon in her hair. She has a thin face

The basic types of adjectives to describe a person

Opinion	An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). Examples: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult
Size	A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. Examples: large, tiny, enormous, little
Age	An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. Examples: ancient, new, young, old
Shape	A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples: square, round, flat, rectangular
Color	A color adjective, of course, describes the color of something. Examples: blue, pink, reddish, grey
Origin	An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Examples: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek
Material	A material adjective describes what something is made from. Examples: wooden, metal, cotton, paper
Purpose	A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with "-ing". Examples: sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin")

Past Simple - Verb "to be"

The Past Simple is used for facts and events that existed in the past. For example:

• I was with my grandmother yesterday.
• They were at home last week.

The verb "to be" is irregular. Its past form is as follows:

To be in past form is was - were.

Singular	Plural
I was You were He was She was It was	We were You were They were

Some examples of past simple sentences with the verb "to be" are:

• I was happy yesterday.
• We were teachers for 20 years.
• There was a lot of rain yesterday.

Past Simple sentences are always associated with a certain time which is either stated or implied. For example:

I was really busy yesterday. (The time is stated)
I was really busy. (The time isn't stated, but in a conversation the time would be understood.)

Negatives

Past Simple negative sentences are made by adding not after the verb "to be". For example:

• It was not sunny yesterday.
• They were not in the library.

We often make contractions with negative structures, especially in spoken English:

• She was not hungry. -> She wasn't hungry.
• They were not abroad last year. -> They weren't abroad last year.

Questions

Yes/No questions are made by writing the auxiliary at the beginning of the sentence .  Verb to-be is an auxiliary itself

to be+ subject + complement.  For example:

- He was a teacherWas he a teacher?

THE VERB "TO BE" IN THE PAST TENSE VIDEO:

SIMPLE PAST VERB TO BE PRESENTATION

I am… I am happy. I am hungry. He is… He is embarrassed. She is… She is tired. I feel… I feel confused. He feels… He feels worried. She feels… She feels upset. They feel… They feel disappointed.

Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs

English has regular verbs and irregular verbs. Now, what does that mean?

Regular Verbs

To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) we simply add “ed” at the end.

Examples using the verb “walk”:

Past Tense: I walked through the maze.

Past Participle: I have walked through the maze.

(The past participle form is used in the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. The above example is written in the present perfect tense.)

A regular verb is a verb that follows this rule:

• Past form of the verb = Present form of the verb + ed / d

For example, workis a regular verb because:

• Past form of work = work + ed = worked

Dance is a regular verb too. That is because:

• Past form of dance = dance + d = danced

We call the present form a base form or V1 (Verb 1).

We call the past form V2 (Verb 2).

There is another form called V3 (Verb 3). That is the form that we use in the Perfect Tenses.

These are examples of Regular Verbs:

V1	V2	V3
help	helped	helped
open	opened	opened
stop	stopped	stopped
change	changed	changed

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help us write the different forms of irregular verbs.

Examples using the verb “see”:

Past Tense: We saw the secret maps.

Past Participle: We have seen the secret maps.

Look up the word “see” in the dictionary. Notice that the different forms of the word are given. Look up “walk.” Notice that the dictionary doesn’t bother to give the different forms of regular verbs.

An irregular verb is a verb that does not follow that rule.

For example, drink is an irregular verb because the past form of drink is drank.

Go is an irregular verb too because the past form of go is went.

These are examples of Irregular Verbs:

V1	V2	V3
take	took	taken
buy	bought	bought
eat	ate	eaten
give	gave	given
leave	left	left
am	was	been

The English language has a great number of regular and irregular verbs!

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are an important feature of English.   Of course, the most famous English verb of all, the verb "to be", is irregular.

What is the difference between regular verbs and irregular verbs?

	Base Form	Past Simple	Past Participle
With regular verbs, the rule is simple...
The past simple and past participle always end in -ed:	finish	finished	finished
	stop	stopped	stopped
	work	worked	worked
But with irregular verbs, there is no rule...
Sometimes the verb changes completely:	sing	sang	sung
Sometimes there is "half" a change:	buy	bought	bought
Sometimes there is no change:	cut	cut	cut

One good way to learn irregular verbs is to try sorting them into groups, as above.

Irregular verb list, Click here

English Regular Verbs

Irregular verbs

Introduction to Irregular Verbs

nglish Expressions Expression Response What does it look like? It’s big, with eight hairy arms. How big is it?  Its 3 feet, by 4 feet, by 5 feet. How much does it weigh? It weighs 75 pounds. What color is it? It’s bright yellow, brighter than a banana.  What’s it made out of? It’s made of plastic and aluminum. What is it? It's a garlic press. What does it do? It puts a sharp point on wooden pencils. What the purpose of a refrigerator? The purpose of a refrigerator is to keep food cold so  it does not spoil. What do you use a (... cheese grater) for? A cheese grater is used to make small strips of cheese from a larger block. How does a (... water heater) work? Water is collected in a large tank and heated by either gas or electricity.

Students should read the following dialogue. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue can be used as a model to have similar conversations.

1: Type of housing where people live.

	Learning Resources The types of houses where people live are varied and can be classified according to their architectural style and purpose. A house is a building or structure or a place to be habitat by human beings. The term house includes many kinds of ranging. In some contexts, "house" may mean the same as, residence, home, abode, lodging, accommodation, or housing, among other meanings. The person that lives in a house is known as a household. Most commonly, a household is a family unit of some kind, though households can be other social groups, such as single persons, or groups of unrelated individuals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House

 Places around my neighborhood.

	Learning Resources It is important that students become familiar with the significant places in the neighborhood, like the church, bank, library, shop, hospital and others. A neighborhood is a geographically localized community within a larger city, town or suburb. Neighborhood is often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. neighborhood, then, are the spatial units in which face-to-face social interactions occur - the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realize common values, socialize youth, and maintain effective social control. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood

Here are some examples: How to describe your neighborhood.

Neighborhood 1

My neighborhood is an out of the way enclosed circle, with a park in the middle. We are a close neighborhood with the inner circle and outer. No one can really find it so we do not really have to worry about crime. I can sit in the front window and watch the kids play. We have neighborhood picnics. It is great I would not change it for anything!!!

Neighborhood 2

It's a brand new subdivision...but it seems old to us because we were one of the first ones to have our house built out here. It's very nice and quiet, but some things bother me. We don't have sidewalks, big trees for shade, and there are a lot of "split level" houses that are all the same floor plan and look too much alike. There isn't a lot of variety when it comes to houses out here. There are 4 others like ours---at least they're on the other side of the neighborhood though.

Neighborhood 3

Our neighborhood is old. It’s very diverse, and I do love it. It’s in a business district, and across from a grocery store, movie theatre, hotels, and other places. However, it’s still a quiet neighborhood. I'm so glad I don’t have to hear gunshots every night now.

Neighborhood 4

It's a military community. It's old and run down but it's very safe. We live on base...I grew up this way and don't know much different. I love it. People are friendly and helpful. I know my neighbors and have everything I need pretty much around me.

Taken from: Answers yahoo.com (Visit the site) Answers are sometimes deleted according to community policies.

What a beautifully city. (Asking an giving directions)

	Learning Resources Some cities are very different in the way they look, that is way we need to know how to describe the city we live in and use de wright vocabulary to describe it. A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town. Many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law. Cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers of employment. It is important to know the directions to move in a city, and to help others get oriented so we must know the names of streets and avenues, urban landmarks such as the Church, the mayor of my town or city. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City

Here are some ways you can ask or give directions. In English it is very common because addresses can be sometimes confusing.

• Walk / Go along Elm Street.
• Go down Elm Street.
• Go straight on / ahead on Elm Street
• Turn left into Oxford Street.
• Turn right into Oxford Street.
• Take the first turning on the right.
• Go past the pet shop.
• Go along the river.
• Go over the bridge.
• Go through the park.
• Go towards the church.
• Go up the hill.
• Go down the hill.
• Cross Oxford Street.
• The bookshop is opposite to the church.
• The bookshop is between the church and the pet shop.
• The bookshop is on/at the corner.
• The bookshop is in front of the church.
• The bookshop is behind the church.
• The bookshop is next to the church.
• The bookshop is near the church.

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EVENTS AND HOLIDAYS

	Learning Resources Holiday is a day designated as having special significance for which individuals, a government, or a religious group has deemed that observation is warranted. It is generally an official (more common) or unofficial observance of religious, national, or cultural significance, often accompanied by celebrations or festivities. Several holidays are celebrated all over the world.  At U.S.A for example, There are different events and celebrations all over the world, such as parades, concerts, popular parties, contents and so on.

 HOLIDAY CUSTOMS AND FAMILY REUNION

	Learning Resources In all the countries it is customary to celebrate special days or holidays for different reasons, that is why families gather to share and celebrate according to their traditions. One of the most important holiday customs is the Christmas traditions, it come in many forms. Some traditions happen year after year, never changing. For instance, when I was a youngster we always had a wonderful Christmas dinner at my grandparents’ house along with all my aunts, uncles, and cousins. Some traditions are modified. A custom we have in our family is setting aside one Saturday in December as baking day. We make several kinds of cookies for our Christmas celebration. Each child was allowed to pick a kind of cookie to make, but as our family grew the number of cookies we were making grew to more than we could handle in a day. To solve that problem we’re planning this year to buy the refrigerated sugar cookie dough with the pictures in the middle. That way we can still have our baking day without being overwhelmed by it. Some traditions begin one year, last three, four or more years, then quietly end. For a number of Christmases I wore a shirt with Christmassy snowmen and penguins that was made by my mother-in-law. I liked that shirt. Last year the shirt finally wore out, a hole had formed near the pocket in the front. So what Christmas customs do you have? Are there any that need modifying? Are there any new traditions you can add to your celebration? Perhaps you can read some short Christmas stories to young children or grandchildren. Make a special snack food for Christmas day. Learn about the Christmas customs celebrated in other countries. Organize a group, get some Santa suits or elf costumes to wear, and volunteer to ring the bell for the Salvation Army or visit a hospital or nursing home. You can even do it on your own. Send Christmas cards and/or packages to soldiers overseas. Whatever you do, make your Christmas celebration this year a special one. The more joy you spread to others, the more joy you’ll have for yourself.

HOW I FEEL.

	Learning Resources If you feel sick, you may not necessarily be sick, but you are experiencing some feeling of unwellness (such as a headache). To be sick means that you are unwell, no question about it and this has a cause such as a virus or bacteria. So basically, feeling sick may or may not mean that you are in fact sick. You might have a feeling of sickness that is entirely non-pathological, in other words, not caused by any virus or bacteria. For instance, you might feel nauseous after seeing something very unpleasant. But this sort of feeling will frequently pass quite quickly. If you are sick on the other hand, you will experience certain symptoms depending on the exact illness, and there will be a definite pathological cause. There are others ways you can explain how you feel according to your state of emotion.

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb string is underlined:

• Next August, I will have been studying chemistry for ten years.

Students should remember that adverbs and contracted forms are not, technically, part of the verb. In the sentence, "He has already started." the adverb already modifies the verb, but it is not really part of the verb. The same is true of the n´t in "He hasn't started yet" (the adverb not, represented by the contracted n't, is not part of the verb, has started).

Shall, will and forms of have, do and be combine with main verbs to indicate time and voice. As auxiliaries, the verbs be, have and do can change form to indicate changes in subject and time.

• I shall go now.
• He had won the election.
• They did write that novel together.
• I am going now.
• He was winning the election.
• They have been writing that novel for a long time.

Uses of Shall and Will and Should

In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?" Will would be used in the simple future for all other persons. Using will in the first person would express determination on the part of the speaker, as in "We will finish this project by tonight, by golly!" Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs.

In the United States, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an element of permission) in the first-person:

• "Shall we go now?"
• "Shall I call a doctor for you?"

(In the second sentence, many writers would use should instead, although should is somewhat more tentative than shall.) In the U.S., to express the future tense, the verb will is used in all other cases.

Shall is often used in formal situations (legal or legalistic documents, minutes to meetings, etc.) to express obligation, even with third-person and second-person constructions:

• The board of directors shall be responsible for payment to stockholders.
• The college president shall report financial shortfalls to the executive director each semester."

Should is usually replaced, nowadays, by would. It is still used, however, to mean "ought to" as in

• You really shouldn't do that.
• If you think that was amazing, you should have seen it last night.

In the simple present tense, do will function as an auxiliary to express the negative and to ask questions. (Does, however, is substituted for third-person, singular subjects in the present tense. The past tense did works with all persons, singular and plural.)

• I don't study at night.
• She doesn't work here anymore.
• Do you attend this school?
• Does he work here?

These verbs also work as "short answers," with the main verb omitted.

• Does she work here? No, she doesn't work here.

With "yes-no" questions, the form of dogoes in front of the subject and the main verb comes after the subject:

• Did your grandmother know Truman?
• Do wildflowers grow in your back yard?

Forms of do are useful in expressing similarity and differences in conjunction with so and neither.

• My wife hates spinach and so does my son.
• My wife doesn't like spinach; neither do I.

Do is also helpful because it means you don't have to repeat the verb:

• Larry excelled in language studies; so did his brother.
• Raoul studies as hard as his sister does.

The so-called emphatic do has many uses in English.

• To add emphasis to an entire sentence: "He does like spinach. He reallydoes!"
• To add emphasis to an imperative: "Do come in." (actuallysoftensthecommand)
• To add emphasis to a frequency adverb: "He never did understand his father." "Shealwaysdoesmanagetohurthermother'sfeelings."
• To contradict a negative statement: "You didn't do your homework, did you?" "Oh, but I didfinishit."
• To ask a clarifying question about a previous negative statement: "Ridwell didn't take the tools." "Thenwhodidtakethetools?"
• To indicate a strong concession: "Although the Clintons denied any wrong-doing, they did return some of the gifts."

In the absence of other modal auxiliaries, a form of do is used in question and negative constructions known as the get passive:

• DidRinaldo get selected by the committee?
• The audience didn't get riled up by the politician.

WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR HEALTH AND HAPPINESS.

	Learning Resources Do you want to improve your health and feel better? The human body and mind are fascinating, and the science behind improving your wellbeing is something I find extremely interesting. There are a lot of different tools, methods, and practices that can help you jumpstart your wellbeing into the direction you desire. Some of these work fast, and some of them take a while, so be patient and persevere. It will pay off. If you take one thing from this article, then let it be this: take action on the things that make you feel good. Our life on this small, blue planet is short, so make the most of it. Think about what you truly value and cherish. It’s easy to lose touch with what really matters, so stay alert and aware.

Here are some tips to improve your health and happiness

Exercise: Exercise is good for your brain and body.

Hug: Hugs are amazing at relieving.

Give a gift: It feels good to give.

Meditate: Meditation has a profound impact on your brain and can help you release negative thoughts and become happier.

Be grateful: Think about the positive things in life.

Forgive: Research studies have found that those who forgive are healthier and happier, compared to those who hold resentments.

Spend time with your family: Sometimes, we are so inundated with work that we forget to spend time with our family, friends, or even our spouse.

Share your feelings: Tell your loved ones that you love them.

Walk in nature: Taking a walk in the park and basking in the sun can improve your mood, not only because it gets your body producing vitamin D, which is the sunshine vitamin, but also because there’s something about nature.

AUXILIARIES

Uses of Have, Has and Had

Forms of the verb to have are used to create tenses known as the present perfect and past perfect. The perfect tenses indicate that something has happened in the past; the present perfect indicating that something happened and might be continuing to happen, the past perfect indicating that something happened prior to something else happening.

To have is also in combination with other modal verbs to express probability and possibility in the past.

• As an affirmative statement, to have can express how certain you are that something happened (when combined with an appropriate modal + have + a past participle): "Georgia must have left already." "Clinton might have known about the gifts." "They may have voted already."
• As a negative statement, a modal is combined with not + have + a past participle to express how certain you are that something did not happen: "Clinton might not have known about the gifts." "I may not have been there at the time of the crime."
• To ask about possibility or probability in the past, a modal is combined with the subject + have + past participle: "Could Clinton have known about the gifts?"
• For short answers, a modal is combined with have: "Did Clinton know about this?" "I don't know. He may have." "The evidence is pretty positive. He must have."

To have (sometimes combined with to get) is used to express a logical inference:

• It's been raining all week; the basement has to be flooded by now.
• He hit his head on the doorway. He has got to be over seven feet tall!

Have is often combined with an infinitive to form an auxiliary similar to "must."

• I have to have a car like that!
• She has to pay her own tuition at college.
• He has to have been the first student to try that.

Uses of Used to

The auxiliary verb construction used to is used to express an action that took place in the past, perhaps frequently, but now that action no longer takes place:

• We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family.

The spelling of this verb is a problem for some people because the "-ed" ending quite naturally disappears in speaking: "We yoostoo (used to)  take long trips." But it ought not to disappear in writing. There are exceptions, though. When the auxiliary is combined with another auxiliary, did, the past tense is carried by the new auxiliary and the "-ed" ending is dropped. This will often happen in the interrogative:

• Didn't you use to go jogging every morning before breakfast?
• It didn't use to be that way.

Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with something:

• The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're used to it by now.
• I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them.

Used to is best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.

GOING TO THE GYM

	Learning Resources Every person has physical capabilities in strength, endurance, flexibility, coordination and speed. These basic qualities are developed differently in each person according to the effort required to perform daily or sports activity. The quality of individual state is what determines the individual fitness. Our physical condition is determined by the interplay of each individual set by strength, coordination, endurance, flexibility and speed, which can be improved through training. The human body can be trained at any age and adapted to the efforts that must be done in training, although at different speeds. Remember to exercise every day and eat a valence diet. Tips for Gym Newbies 1. If you're a complete beginner, it might be worth your while to sign up with a personal trainer for at least a couple of sessions, until you're feeling more confident. Otherwise, go with a friend. If you're both new, you can muddle through together. If your friend is experienced, he/she will help you out. 2. Take a notepad and pen with you for your introductory session. Write down the name of the machine and its position in the gym as well as a few words that will remind you what you're supposed to do on it. (Some machines can be used in several different ways.) 3. Don't hesitate to ask a staff member for help if you can't adjust the machine for your weight and height, or if you can't remember exactly how it works. They won't mind showing you again. They want their customers to keep coming back! 4. Don't push yourself too hard to begin with. If you work out so hard that you can barely walk, you'll be tempted to miss a day while you recover. One day doesn't matter much, but if you continually skip days because you're too sore, you're likely to drop out altogether. What's the hurry? After a few weeks, when your body is getting used to the extra exercise, you can increase the intensity. 5. If your knees and ankles react badly to increasing the speed on the treadmill, try increasing the grade instead. You might be pleasantly surprised to find that a slower speed, with the treadmill on an incline, burns more calories than jogging. 6. Smile and nod to the other gym users, but don't hold up their workout programs by chatting. As you become recognized as a regular, you will find that you gravitate to your own little group - probably people who have the same goals and needs as you do. 7. Wear comfortable clothing - either loose or with plenty of stretch. Avoid the temptation to buy workout gear that's two sizes too small in the hope that you'll lose weight quickly. (You might well shed those pounds fast - but if it takes longer that you'd anticipated, you'll always be conscious of those too-tight clothes.) 8. Don't worry about being overweight. In a way, it's good to start off with quite a few excess pounds to lose - your success is much more noticeable than it is on slimmer gym users, and you'll find the positive comments really motivating. Make sure you get a 'before' photo of yourself at the gym when you start out. After a few months, you'll be amazed at the difference. 9. If you're considerably overweight, you are likely to find that your stomach gets in the way on some machines. Just do what you can. You might feel better just increasing your fitness and losing some weight on the treadmill for the first month or so, then moving on to the machines when moving and stretching is more comfortable. Consider doing a few laps in the pool (either walking or swimming) as well as your other gym work. The water will help to support your weight and provide variety. 10. Try to find a happy medium between challenging yourself and resting on your laurels. If you can easily manage three sets at the current weight, try increasing it for the first set. If you can do twenty minutes on the treadmill without sweating, then increase either the speed or the grade (or both!) Remember... "If nothing changes, then nothing changes!"

Modal Auxiliaries

Other helping verbs, called modal auxiliaries or modals, such as can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would, do not change form for different subjects. For instance, try substituting any of these modal auxiliaries for can with any of the subjects listed below.

I you (singular) he we you (plural) they

Can write well.

There is also a separate section on the Modal Auxiliaries, which divides these verbs into their various meanings of necessity, advice, ability, expectation, permission, possibility, etc., and provides sample sentences in various tenses. See the section on Conditional Verb Forms  to help with the modal auxiliary would. The shades of meaning among modal auxiliaries are complex. Most English-as-a-Second-Language textbooks will contain at least one chapter on their usage.

Uses of Can and Could The modal auxiliary can is used To express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do something): He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well. To express permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted to do something): Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? To express theoretical possibility: American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it. The modal auxiliary could is used To express an ability in the past: I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids. To express past or future permission: Could I bury my cat in your back yard? To express present possibility: We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking. To express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances: If he studied harder, he could pass this course. In expressing ability, can and could frequently also imply willingness: Can you help me with my homework?

Can versus May Whether the auxiliary verb can can be used to express permission or not — "Can I leave the room now?" ["I don't know if you can, but you may."] — depends on the level of formality of your text or situation. As Theodore Bernstein puts it in The Careful Writer, "a writer who is attentive to the proprieties will preserve the traditional distinction: can for ability or power to do something, may for permission to do it.

Uses of May and Might Two of the more troublesome modal auxiliaries are may and might. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may. Might isconsiderably more tentative than may. May I leave class early? If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early? In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form: She might be my advisor next semester. She may be my advisor next semester. She might have advised me not to take biology. Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the implication of might, that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might have been injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another example: a body had been identified after much work by a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking work, the body may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact, identified, might is clearly called for.

Uses of Will and Would In certain contexts, will and would are virtually interchangeable, but there are differences. Notice that the contracted form 'll is very frequently used for will. Will can be used to express willingness: I'll wash the dishes if you dry. We're going to the movies. Willyoujoinus? It can also express intention (especially in the first person): I'll do my exercises later on. and prediction: specific: The meeting will be over soon. timeless: Humidity will ruin my hairdo. habitual: The river will overflow its banks every spring. Would can also be used to express willingness: Would you please take off your hat? It can also express insistence (rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word "would"): Now you've ruined everything. You would act that way. and characteristicactivity: customary: After work, he would walk to his home in West Hartford. typical (casual): She would cause the whole family to be late, every time. In a main clause, would can express a hypothetical meaning: My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she wants. Finally, would can express a sense of probability: I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train.

Going out for a bite.

	Learning Resources Going out to eat has its blessings and its challenges. What are some of the challenges? Portions are huge in restaurants. High-fat, high-salt, and high-sugar ingredients are frequently used. Since you don't do the cooking, you may not know what's in it. Normally limited amounts of fresh fruits and vegetables are available. Even though you find salads, many of them are high in calories and fat due to the mayonnaise dressings, shredded cheeses, crumbled bacon, olives. You also may find yourself selecting a beautiful all-veggie salad and then adding a ladle of salad dressing. A "special occasion" mindset leads to ordering more appetizers, alcohol, and desserts.

Be able to

Be able to is not a modal verb. It is simply the verb be plus an adjective (able) followed by the infinitive. We use be able to instead of can and could.

We use be able to:

• To talk about ability

Structure of Be able to

The structure of be able to is:

subject + be + able + infinitive

	subject	be mainverb	able adjective	infinitive
+	I	am	able	to drive.
-	She	is not	able	to drive.
		isn't
?	Are	you	able	to drive?

Notice that be able to is possible in all tenses, for example:

• I was able to drive...
• I will be able to drive...
• I have been able to drive...

Notice too that be able to has an infinitive form:

• I would like to be able to speak Chinese.

Be able to: ability

We use be able to to express ability. "Able" is an adjective meaning: having the power, skill or means to do something. If we say "I am able to swim", it is like saying "I can swim". We sometimes use "be able to" instead of "can" or "could" for ability. "Be able to" is possible in all tenses - but "can" is possible only in the present and "could" is possible only in the past for ability. In addition, "can" and "could" have no infinitive form. So we use "be able to" when we want to use other tenses or the infinitive. Look at these examples:

1. I have been able to swim since I was five. (present perfect)
2. You will be able to speak perfect English very soon. (future simple)
3. I would like to be able to fly an airplane. (infinitive)

Video

Speaking English - Expressing ability with CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO

Going shopping

	Learning Resources People like to shop for many reasons, usually at a local supermarket to buy groceries, toiletries, sweets, among others. We also go shopping in malls where there are several types of merchandise such as clothing, shoes, makeup and jewelry. Some people go shopping for pleasure, and to relieve stress and others to meet many family and personal needs. There are many ways to ask for something when we are shopping, these expressions can help you when doing so: Can I help you? I’m just looking right now. May I help you? I’m just browsing. Everything in this department is on sale today. All the sweaters are on sale today. Everything in the store is 25% off today. If I can be of any help, Just let me know. If you need anything, Just let me know. Can I try this sweater on please? Can I try these pants on please? May I try this dress on please? May I try these shoes on please? The dressing rooms are over there. How was it? How were they? The fitting rooms are right here. How did it fit? How did they fit? The change rooms are at the back. How did you like it? How did you like them? It’s a little too big. Do you have a smaller size? It’s a little too small. Do you have a bigger size? I don’t like the color. Do you have any other colors? I don’t like the style. Do you have any other styles? Does it come in other colors?

Describing personal needs

	Learning Resources Human beings in order to enjoy a good quality life we have to meet the basic needs like food, clothing, household, education, health, depending on culture, social stratum. We also created additional needs as a vehicle, home, boat, certain technological equipment etc., as well as specialization and master's educational needs. You can find a lot of vocabulary and expressions at this website: Testimonial Reference.pdf

Where are you going?

	Learning Resources Have you ever looked back at your life and found yourself wondering how you got to where you are today? Ever noticed how every single decision you've ever made has, directly or indirectly, brought you here? Amazing, isn't it, when you think about it... Now, ask yourself this...how much of what you're doing now did you plan in advance, and how much of it just happened? Because I'm willing to bet good money that, no matter how many plans you made, no matter how many diagrams you drew and 'to-do' lists you wrote, most of the twists and turns that brought you to the here n' now probably came about as a result of either dumb luck and happy accidents. There many places you can go, in order to express you self you must learn how to use going to. Here are some examples.

FUTURE – GOING TO —> PLANS

Syntax:

Subject + to be + going to + infinitive

USE:

We use the future with “GOING TO” to talk about plans

POSITIVE FORM

Subject	Verb To be	Going to	Infinitive
I	Am	Going to	dance
He / She / It	Is		Study
We / You / They	Are		Go shopping

Examples:

• Maria’s going to travel this holiday.
• They’re going to go to a very expensive restaurant.
• I’m going to come home late.

NEGATIVE FORM

Subject	Verb To be + not	Going to	Infinitive
I	Am not	Going to	Clean
He / She / It	Is not (isn’t)		Cook
We / You / They	Are not (aren’t)		travel

Examples

• I’m not going to go to the party.
• Juan isn’t going to work today.
• They aren’t going to stay at that hotel.

QUESTION FORM

Question Word	Verb To Be	Subject	Going to	Infinitive
What	Am not	I	Going to	Do
Where	Is not (isn’t)	He / She / It		Go
—————	Are not (aren’t)	We / You / They		travel

Examples

• What are you going to do later?
• What is she going to cook?
• Are they going to attend the meeting?
• Where is Maria going to study?
• Short answers are with the to be verb
• Yes, I am – Yes, you are – No, he isn’t – No, they aren’t ETC
• Let’s have some fun leaning English.

http://genkienglish.net/goinggame.htm

 Clothes to wear according to the weather conditions.

	Learning Resources The weather affects us in many different ways. For example, it affects our moods, what we wear, our leisure activities and our mode of travel. To highlight the importance of the effect that weather has on our lives, simple observation and recording work can be done. Weather conditions can be recorded over a period of time and at the same time the effects the weather has on factors such as our mood can also be noted. You know that the weather changes and the seasons change too. You need to be prepared for those changes. You should be prepared for those weather changes. You need to get the right clothes. You can get some men’s dress shirts, pants, jackets, sweaters and other clothes. But you should get the right dress shirts. You don’t need some ordinary shirts. You can get the custom made shirts and you will be prepared for the changes of the weather. Sometimes you plan an event. You do much effort in order to organize the event. But at the end, the weather changes and your plans are ruined. When you choose the clothes, the rules are the same. You can plan for a long time. You can think about the perfect combinations of clothes. At the end, some other things can influence your decision. You need to know which clothes to wear on a sunny day and which clothes to wear on a rainy day. You need to prepare your waterproof jackets when the weather is rainy. You should choose the right colors for your clothes. You should make a good combination of colors for your shirts and your pants. You need to know what to wear on a sunny day. You have many choices of many different clothes to wear on a sunny day. You should wear some bright colors. You can have some shirts with some interesting patters and designs. You should try to design the custom made shirts, especially if you don’t know how to choose the right clothes in the ordinary shops. The custom made shirts can be designed especially for the different weather conditions. You can have shirts for the rainy weather and you can have shirts for the sunny weather. You don’t need to hesitate any more. Your will be well prepared for the new seasons.

Let’s learn some clothes vocabulary:

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Future  “Will” or “Be going to” 

Will

• We use 'will' to give or ask for information or facts about the future

    “All her friends will come to her party.”

• We use 'will' for plans or decisions made at the time of speaking

     "We need some paper for the lecturer." "Okay, I'll go and get some.“

Be going to

• We use 'going to' for plans or decisions made before speaking.

     “I'm going to watch TV in a minute, because my favorite program is on.”

• We use 'going to' to predict the future based on present evidence.

     “Look at the sky. It's going to rain soon.”

Can also be used “will” in the following cases:

• We use 'will' to predict the future.

     “I think it will rain tomorrow.”

• We use 'will' to predict the present.

     “Don't phone her now, she'll be busy.”

• We use 'will' to offer to do something

    “I'll take you to the airport tomorrow.”

• We use 'will' to promise to do something.

    “I promise I won't tell anyone.”

• We use 'will' to make requests (or give orders).

    “Will you open the door for me please?”

• We use 'will' to refuse to do something or talk about refusals.

    “I won't cook your dinner”

• We use 'will' to agree to do something.

     ”I'll come with you”

More explanations here

You can practice the topic here

Holidays and costumes around the word.

	Learning Resources In all the countries it is customary to celebrate special days or holidays for different reasons, that is why families gather to share and celebrate according to their traditions.  One of the most important holiday customs is the Christmas traditions, it comes in many forms. Some traditions happen year after year, never changing. For instance, when I was a younger we always had a wonderful Christmas dinner at my grandparents’ house along with all my aunts, uncles, and cousins. Some traditions are modified. A custom we have in our family is setting aside one Saturday in December as baking day. We make several kinds of cookies for our Christmas celebration. Each child was allowed to pick a kind of cookie to make, but as our family grew the number of cookies we were making grew to more than we could handle in a day. To solve that problem we’re planning this year to buy the refrigerated sugar cookie dough with the pictures in the middle. That way we can still have our baking day without being overwhelmed by it. Some traditions begin one year, last three, four or more years, then quietly end. For a number of Christmases I wore a shirt with Christmassy snowmen and penguins that was made by my mother-in-law. I liked that shirt. Last year the shirt finally wore out, a hole had formed near the pocket in the front. So what Christmas customs do you have? Are there any that need modifying? Are there any new traditions you can add to your celebration? Perhaps you can read some short Christmas stories to young children or grandchildren. Make a special snack food for Christmas day. Learn about the Christmas customs celebrated in other countries. Organize a group, get some Santa suits or elf costumes to wear, and volunteer to ring the bell for the Salvation Army or visit a hospital or nursing home. You can even do it on your own. Send Christmas cards and/or packages to soldiers overseas. Whatever you do, make your Christmas celebration this year a special one. The more joy you spread to others, the more joy you’ll have for yourself. Let’s have some fun learning English vocabulary Visit the site - Click here

If something is an automatic result of something else, you use the SIMPLE PRESENT in the main clause
AND in the if-clause.

EXAMPLES:      If you add blue to yellow,       you get green.
                        If it is hot,                            people drink a lot.

IF-CLAUSE – TYPE I: OPEN CONDITIONS

If it’s not an automatic result but a result that will follow under special conditions, you must use the SIMPLE PRESENT in the if-clause and the WILL-FUTURE ,  CAN/MUST/SHOULD/MIGHT + INFINITIVE
or  the IMPERATIVE in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:      If you fly to Spain in May,      it will be cheaper.
                        If you climb Mount Everest,   you must be careful.
                        If you go to the cinema,        please call me!

One more thing you need to remember:

COMMA: If the if-clause comes first,you must put a comma after it.

Structure

If + present simple + will = verb (without ‘to’)

You can change the word order thus…

If you press this button,(comma)	the door will open
The door will open (no comma)	if you press this button

Remember the he, she, it endings for present simple